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Independence Day of Pakistan

Pakistan celebrates its Independence Day every year on 14th August with great passion and pride. This day marks the creation of Pakistan in 1947, when it gained independence from British rule after a long political and constitutional struggle. The Muslims of the subcontinent, under the visionary leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate homeland where they could live according to their religious and cultural values. This demand was fulfilled with the establishment of Pakistan as a separate nation. Independence Day is a reminder of the sacrifices made by countless people who faced hardships, violence, and even gave their lives during the struggle for freedom. It is a day to remember the efforts of our leaders and to reflect on the importance of independence. The day begins with special prayers for the progress and safety of Pakistan. A 21-gun salute is offered in the federal and provincial capitals. The national flag is hoisted on public and private buildings, ...
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Vitamin D Pathway: Synthesis, Activation, and Function

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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium balance, bone health, immune regulation, and many metabolic processes. Unlike most vitamins, vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. The vitamin D pathway involves a multi-step process that includes synthesis, activation, transport, and action at target tissues. 1. Synthesis in the Skin The vitamin D pathway begins in the skin, where 7-dehydrocholesterol (a cholesterol derivative) absorbs ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. This leads to the production of cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) . In people who consume a plant-based diet, ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂) from plant sources may also contribute. 2. Transport to the Liver Once synthesized in the skin or absorbed from the diet, vitamin D binds to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and is transported to the liver . In the liver, it undergoes its first hydroxylation by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) , forming 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ,...
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Almonds: Nature’s Tiny Powerhouses – Benefits and Drawbacks

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Almonds, often hailed as one of the most nutritious nuts on the planet, have been a staple in human diets for centuries. Packed with vitamins, minerals, fibre, and healthy fats, almonds are both a culinary favourite and a popular health snack. However, like any food, almonds come with both advantages and disadvantages, depending on how they’re consumed and by whom. Nutritional Profile Almonds are rich in: Vitamin E – a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from damage. Magnesium – vital for nerve function, blood sugar control, and blood pressure regulation. Healthy fats – mainly monounsaturated fats, known to support heart health. Protein and fibre – which promote satiety and aid digestion. A one-ounce (28-gram) serving of almonds provides around 160-170 calories, 6 grams of protein, 14 grams of fat (mostly healthy), and 3.5 grams of fibre. Health Advantages of Almonds 1. Heart Health Almonds are known to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol while maintaining HDL (goo...
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